History of Welfare in Ireland: Poor Law and Beveridge Report

History of welf ar in Ireland brusk truth and Beveridge p offsetThis paper get step forward briefly outline the study of complaisant service readying in Ireland from 1922 to the pre displace day, highlighting several factors such as the paltry Law (1598-1948) and The Beveridge Report (1942) that brook played a signifi crappert manipulation in the shaping of this eudaimonia approach cognize as rest wellorganism. For a variety of reasons such as economic growth, different political parties and differing welfare organisation options, UKs welfare acquaint has gained much crisis discussion.Residual welfare is not a global welfare arche shell kind of it is a system aimed at providing provision for those specific individuals in society that affect and fit certain criteria, loosely be as the unworthy. Within residual welfare systems, welfare provision is considered to be a safety net, available only if to those defined within the policy mount as most in need, or dinarily when the market or family has failed. According to Titmuss framework from 1974, Britain repre displaces the individual welfare system where there is a limited function of state welfare. Universal welfare is based upon the premise that welfare services are accessible to everyone, norm each(prenominal)y determined on the basis of citizenship within a nation state. The worry with this system is that it brook be costly. Therefore, a residual system is aiming to debase those costs by apportioning provisions to only those who need them. (Mau 2001, pp. 5-9 Titmuss, R 1974, p.20).It is helpful to acknowledge that welfare is an ambiguous term which foot thrust discrepancies amongst individuals and agencies when looking at welfare needs and services. Some individuals search a re flex for any contri only ifion they make to a complaisant system whereas former(a) are con disco biscuitt with knowing the system is there for those that need it and that might not necessarily includ e themself. There is a strong belief that the system should be a premium-benefit one, where the current financiers will one day be the future intentrs. It can to a fault undef culminationed the question of who it should be available to, how long, should they pay and are they deserving? Welfare is gener onlyy employ in three main senses, the first referring to a persons refers to general well-being. Of course, well-being is new(prenominal) term that can mean different things to different pot. From a sociological framework, it gener exclusivelyy actor having access to basic needs such as shelter and food, that it does go beyond simply needs to achieve well being, commonwealth must take for choices, and the scope to choose face-to-face goals and ambitions. Welfare overly refers to the range of services available to look after mass in a heel of conditions throughout their life, for example childhood, sickness and old age. (Mau 2001, pp. 4-6).Histori shrieky, the model of welfare which has been the most dominant model in English-speaking countries is know as residual welfare which stemmed from Poor Law (1598-1948). Poor Law was first implemented in 1598 and proceed until 1948. This Elizabethan method acting aimed at providing three central aspects, a compulsory poor rate, the existence of overseers of relief and the provision for setting the poor on work. It exitd discretionary payments to individuals assessed as being in need. It was a harsh rightfulness aimed at providing the complete(a) minimum an individual would need to survive in the aim that people would rely upon it for existence, creating a dependence upon affable security which would result in a negative image of public support. It aimed to control and discipline the poor and in approximately ways punch by providing support that was beneath the lowest wage, a principle kn profess as lowest eligibility. This law continued to be important in the delivery of umteen centre-tested bene fits until the in conclusion two decades of the twentieth century. (Alcock 2003, p. 24-8 Williams 1989, pp. 150-4).Following on this movement in Britains welfare system, Mau (2001) stated that on some trains, a welfare state can help to repair social divisions or at least(prenominal) to mitigate social inequalities not only in terms of clobber inequalities, scarcely too in ideological and political terms. Thus the Beveridge Report from 1942 proposed a system of National Insurance, based on three assumptions, family allowances, a national health service, and lastly full employment. It was written by Sir William Beveridge, a highly respected economist and expert on unemployment problems. Opinion poll reported that the legal age of the British public welcomed the reports findings and wished to see them implemented as quickly as possible, seemingly relieved at the possibility of a little harsh social system than the Poor Law. The first post-war election, in June 1945, resulted i n a victory for the Labour Party, devout promoters of the Beveridge Report. It quickly became the pattern for the modern British welfare state, even being referred to as by any measure a landmark. (Alcock 2003, p. 24-8 Williams 1989, pp. 150-4 Historic Figures. William Beveridge, twenty-third February 2007).The Beveridge Report aimed to provide a expansive system of social insurance for an individuals whole life. hither we cast the induction of the residual model that still exists to a ground level in Ireland. It proposed that all working people should pay a every week contribution to the state, in other actors line, tax. In return, benefits would be paid to the un apply, the sick, the retired and the widowed, those who unavoidable it. Beveridge wanted to ensure that there was an acceptable minimum standard of life in Britain below which nobody fell, very different to the aims of Poor Law. (Alcock 2003, p. 6 Mau 2001, p. 3 Schifferes, S, 26 July 2005).Changes in the welfare sy stem pass water continued to the present day, post 1948, the let on elements of Irelands welfare state have remained cerebrate upon social security, health, housing, education and children. The Welfare State was not intended to reply to poverty that was what the Poor Law had aimed to, rather its main purpose was to boost the provision of the social services on the identical basis as the public services, including medical services, roads, libraries, local community needs. In other words, it aimed to perform an institutional model of welfare. (Mau 2001, pp. 3-5 ).This paper has aimed to briefly illustrate the changes in Irelands welfare system highlighting several factors such as the Poor Law (1598-1948) and The Beveridge Report (1942) that have played a significant role in the shaping of this welfare approach known as residual welfare, a system, aimed to be available if and when an individual needs its services.The development and implication of welfare provision in Britain is a lengthy and confused issue, therefore this paper aimed to provide a brief summary of some of the key events leading to its present situation known as a residual welfare system.BibliographyAlcock, P. 2003. 2nd Edition. kindly Policy in Britain. Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire.Esping-Anderson, G 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Polity Press, Oxford.Mau, S 2001. Patterns of Popular bind for the Welfare State. A Comparison of the United Kingdom and Germany. Social research Center, Berlin.Offe, C 1987. Democracy against the Welfare State? Structural Foundations of Neoconservative governmental Opportunities. In Political Theory, Vol.15, No 4, November, pp. 501-537).Page, R Silburn, R 1999. British Social Welfare in the Twentieth Century. St Martins Press Inc, Hampshire.Titmuss, R.M. 1974. Social Policy. Allen and Unwin, London.Williams, F 1989. Social Policy. A Critical Introduction. Polity Press, Cambridge.bbc.cok.uk, 2007, Historic Figures. William Beveridge (1879 1 963), BBC Homepage 23rd February, recoupd 23rd February 2007 from http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/beveridge_william.shtml.Schifferes, S 2005, Britains long road to the welfare state, BBC News 26 July, retrieved 23rd February 2007 fromhttp//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4696391.stm.Investigation Personal technology Mediated discourseInvestigation Personal Technology Mediated CommunicationTable of ContentsList of abbreviationsList of extractsList of figures1Introduction2Analysis2.1Choice of mode2.1.1 terms2.1.2Degree of facilitate2.1.3Medium uniqueness2.1.4Formality2.1.5 confederate influence2.1.6Immediacy2.1.7Intertextuality Retrievability Navigability2.1.8Multifunction2.1.9Lack of impulse for self-disclosure2.2Nature of wording used2.2.1Language background2.2.2Keyboard affordance2.2.3 thing level2.2.4Cultural value2.3Semiotic resources2.3.1Numbering, paragraphing, colouring textual specification2.3.2Emoji, pay backers, symbol2.3.3Tagging function2.3.4Telepresen ce indicators2.4Interweaving of media in extended fundamental interactions2.4.1Postponement2.4.2Confidentiality/Secrecy2.4.3Spatial constrain2.4.4Clarification2.4.5Instant feature and directive influence3ConclusionReferencesFtF face to faceFBFacebookFMFacebook Messenger draw out 1 tear 2Extract 3Extract 4Extract 5Extract 6Extract 7Extract 8Extract 9Extract 10Extract 11Extract 12Figure 1 EmojiFigure 2 Sticker MimYamFigure 4 Green panellingFigure 5 Group conversationFigure 6 substance seenCommunication in todays world is profoundly affected by proficient features and users perceived of their usage. Multimodal technical resources facilitate interaction beyond temporal and spacial distance with various participation modes (Barton Lee, 2013, p. 29), also correlate with users culture medium choice, doings and psychology.In technology-mediated parley, choice of mode is opinionated by the setting, selecting strategy and evaluating take of the communication (Joinson, 2003, p. 125) , or by participants perceived affordances of the media (Herring Demarest, 2011, pp. 19-21). For instance, text can be preferred over much than novel medium same(p) auditory sensation or video thanks to its richer communication markers, asynchronicity and low level of self-consciousness. In a paper by Laursen (2012, pp. 87-97), the shift from text inwardness to scream is attributed to synchronicity, immediateness, complex information processing, and chance for negotiation. Call also denotes some leg of intimacy involving simultaneous coning of relationship status through breath, pitch or pauses in oral transmute.Innovation in communication technology also entails more types of semiosis for interaction. Hutchby (2001, p. 96) points out tele think conversation has a distinct means of summon not by human oral production but by the sound of the ring which signals an upcoming call that the other end of the line will pick up and respond. Later when Internet appears, it enables greater access to information thanks to intertextual hyperlinks or pression of emotions via emoticons (Barton Lee, 2013, p. 29). Added to this, (Lamy, 2006, p. 388) lists clicking a loss to denote conversation ended, retaining of message after the interactants have left the chitchat platform, also the help of telepresence indicators like the faded name or photo. Vandergriff (2013, pp. 8-10) focuses on the use of CMC cues in which the use of multiple exclamation mark could have a bun in the oven assertiveness or intensified disagreement, smiley icons indicate a dis choice of an action, or turn ellipsis is understood as mitigated disapproval or openness for conversation expansion.Additionally, technology also influences our words and our self- view. Hutchby (2001, p. 86) concerns the lack of physical context cue that makes tele auditory sensation conversations normally use up identification process at the beginning of the conversation. In online wording analysis, Barton and Le e (2013, p. 69) and Herring and Demarest (2011, p. 4) mention sex activity in which male users tend use more impersonal expression and longer messages whereas female prefer to use the first person and express more feelings. Moreover, Barton and Lee (2013 68-69) claim that the dynamics and control over our online self-disclosure involve choosing which part of and how our identities to be revealed and accordingly present a less or more associative image in comparison to our offline identities. This regulates our online writing speech and entails adjustment of language to whom we could expected or imagined.Regarding behaviour and psychology, Joinson (2003) proposes five key dimensions of tool-behaviour relationship involves synchronicity, the cues transmitted, bandwidth and cost constraints, level of anonymity, and sender- receiver exclusivity. In CMC, people may also tend to follow the hyperpersonal model (Walther et al., 2015, pp. 13-14) whereby they exaggerate perceived reality about the other interactants and use it to inform their future actions. Devices affordances may cause users to be under pressure to be constantly available for being conform toed (Cumiskey Ling, 2015, p. 231). Also, online psychology and behaviour involves individual self-disclosure where people desire to express themselves (Walther et al., 2015) and act as the source of information (Sundair et al., 2015), whereas includes deindividuation in which individual identity is partially or fully hidden (Walther et al., 2015, p.11) or self-awareness is reduced to merge in online social norms (Spears Postmes, 2015, p. 25).In a nutshell, a number of aspects related to technology-mediated communication have been investigated and is being studied in response to the rapid development of technological applications and diverse users perceived affordances. The following part, hence, will dedicate to analyse my own use of technology for communication in the light of the reviewed studies, and hope fully brings out some contributive findings.Devices involved in this analysis were tablet, quick phone and computer, and the tablet also has a SIM card reader so it can act as a mobile phone. Soft medium analysed include Google E beam and online data cloud, Facebook (FB), Facebook Messenger (FM) a separate application for displace messaging or calling among FB users, and Skype another application for sending text messages and making calls. All these applications are Internet-based and free of charge.2.1 Choice of mode2.1.1 CostCost is the first-and-foremost factor that manipulates my communication mode choice. The more the medium costs, the less likely it is to be chosen. Though the SIM card enabling domestic and global calls, mobile phone was not favoured since phone service always aerated money and the fee would be burgeoned for overseas interaction. Consequently, I only use free services like electronic mail to contact professors or Skype and FB to contact relatives and f riends though all of them are approachable on telephone line. I once used mobile phone to contact an overseas suffer agency in the US because their line was toll-free, so I only had to pay a minimal bill of money for international dialling but I could talk on the phone as long as I want since the call fee was paid by the rifle agency.2.1.2 Degree of reliefThanks to its light charge mobility and availability, Tablet was more preferred with higher comfort degree over computer with heavier weight and requiring more acts like starting, shutting down or plugging charger. Tablet was more mobile to carry along to all places such as desk, bed, schoolroom and in motion like walking on the street. The degree of comfort was also true to the choice of soft medium where none of my communication involved video sharing or video calling. This is explained by my preference for modes with low level of self-consciousness like texting or calling where I could comfortably maintain interaction wit hout being distracted by my reprehension or worrying about my appearance on the entomb.2.1.3 Medium uniquenessChoice of mode was restrained by the other entity and this made me stick to only one medium. For instance, brands or organizations websites all offer visitors to leave their emails so that new reduction/sales or upcoming events would be sent to them automatically, and the sole medium used to subscribe was email. In another wooing of citizen services, when I wanted to book a visa appointment via an Embassy, the built in bed only allowed involvement via mobile phone in which visitors dial the provided number to provide personal information and receive confirmed schedule by an officer. Besides, some of my addressees only provide me their email or their FB so email or FM were the sole channels to communicate with them and no other choice of medium could be employed.2.1.4 FormalityFormality of the message and the interaction itself also decides the modes of communication. Fo r formal communication like asking for professors supervision, excusing absence in a class session or job application, email would be a better choice. The email interface itself is more neutral and lord with separate spaces for typing subjects and contents, office font sizes, bullet and numbering, etc. to present the information in a well-organized and formal format. Those functions are not provided by the instant messaging, mobile phone SMS or calling. For informal talks like gossiping about non-academic problems, email may not be as suitable as other texting or chatting applications that allow instant response.2.1.5 Peer influenceThe medium I choose was also affected by the technology that the other entities use. If the addressees encounter some technical or personal problems, I accordingly opt for the medium that best works on their device and suit their condition. For example, my mothers eyes are far-sighted so its hard for her to fly where to click to see inbox or to send te xt in emailing and texting. For that reason, I only used voice chatting or video calling rather than texting when communicating with her. My father, more interestingly, does not know how to use any intelligent devices and could only be approached by classic media like SMS or phone calling, so whenever I wanted to contact him phone-calling is my only resort.2.1.6 ImmediacyRegarding the immediacy in communication, email seems to be inferior to other applications like mobile phone, Skype or FM. Email could take long duration to receive a response and they are at risk of being filtered as e-mail or junk by the email account. If the recipient does not check their spam box, there is likelihood that my email never r all(prenominal)es them. There is also another case when sending emails to organizations/offices and my email is not instantly check over and replied until the abutting day because it has to queue in a line of many other enquiries sent to the offices. And of course it is ver y awkward and time-consuming when having an informal and fill up-knit chat with friends in which me and my friends keep clicking and sending emails while we can choose to text each other using FM or Skype. Therefore, in case I need an immediate response for my communication, I prefer calling via mobile phone (if the information is urgent) or Skype or texting with FM.2.1.7 Intertextuality Retrievability NavigabilityObviously, text mode normally allows better information retrieval than call mode, and this function is more enhanced in CMC where external sources of information interchange in interaction could be accessed by all interactants and be tardily navigated with one click even when the conversation has ended. For example, functions incorporated in Google email enables searching sent or received mails through typing keywords and provides condenser to upload audio, video and documents easily shared with other people who have Google account just by one click. Or in another ca se when I had a group chat discussing accommodation booking, we decided to type because it was easier to refer to different options by pasting the links or screen captures into the chatting box and the whole group could see exactly which hostel was being considered. Those options were retained forever in the box chat so we could retrieve them several days/months later.2.1.8 MultifunctionSometimes the consideration of hard medium in the midst of computer or Tablet is decided by the affordances of the device itself, and it is conceal that computer is more multifunctional than the other counterpart. Computer allows multi-window operating at the same time while my Tablet does not, also many acts are easier to be done on bigger screen and keyboards rather than on stir up device, e.g long text processing. Multifunctional features also applied for my choice of soft medium and this could be illustrated in the comparison between email and IM via FM or Skype. Emails affordances are superio r with possibility to forward a large amount of information, to format the text in highlighted forms with colouring, large font size, or underlining, or to send emails to different recipients simultaneously without letting them know about each other (Bcc). FM or Skype undeniably has not included all those functions, they do not have a search box to type in keywords, no data cloud, no font size or bullet options, and previous messages are time-consuming to retrieve. However, their function to track whether the recipient has seen their messages made them surpass email in some cases.2.1.9 Lack of desire for self-disclosureMy choice of medium, or to be exact, the functions of medium was affected by my low desire for self-expression in which I use FB but hardly employed multimodal resources for posting, sharing, surfing, hashtag, or commenting. I have little demand for self-disclosure so I did not share the things I read, the feelings I have or the events/places I had been to on my FB pa ge. All my interactions via FB channel were instant messaging initiated by the need to update situation of relatives and friends in my home country or exchange information about a particular problem. Even though I am a member of some FB group, I still sent private message to other members when they post a question that I can help instead of publicly typing my answer in the comment box.2.2 Nature of language used2.2.1 Language backgroundThe majority of my interaction with friends or relatives is translingual since we have multilingual background. Our exchange has frequent code-switching between Vietnamese and English, or in some cases three languages when I use Thai to chat with friends who know Thai. An ample evidence for this could be seen in the following extract between me and other two friends discussing about booking a room for a cruise trip (English words are highlighted in the left column)Extract 1Anhthe thoixong chac cho ten + liberty chit de dang ky la xongThaoin the worst case th phng 8107 cng c haAnhuhh worst case cung dcrenhung tren web con nhieu lam, hon chuc phong co, ko loPhuongTh l cht xog ng hokCht li bn ngThao4 ngmail sentTra mai cha rep th e gi in cho ng lunAnhthats allthen perhaps we give (him) our names and passport to registerThaoin the worst case, is room 8107 OK?AnhYes, that worst case is OK.cheap just dont worry, the web stills show a lot of spare rooms, more than ten of them.PhuongThats finalized right?In the end how many people?Thao4 peoplemail sentIf he does not rep the mail until next noon, I will call him.2.2.2 Keyboard affordanceLanguages involved in my conversations are used in customized form due to keyboard. For instance, some of my Vietnamese friends did not have keyboard allowing typing tone markers or special Vietnamese characters, so their message were written in reduced Vietnamese. Though in some out of date occasion did this obstruct our communication, the conversation generally went smooth because all interactants hav e Vietnamese as mother-tounge. Take the message from the following extract as an illustration, the friend that customized language is AnhExtract 2Original message ideal languageTranslated messageAnhthe thoixong chac cho ten + passport de dang ky la xongAnhth thixong chc cho tn + passport ng k l xongAnhthats allthen perhaps we give (him) our names and passport to registerAlso due to keyboards lacking special characters, some language not using Latin alphabet must be transliterated and in my case is Thai. There was Thai virtual keyboard but it took time and may impede understanding so it was not employedExtract 3Original messageStandard languageTranslated messageThaoUh hihi tks qun nhuHongMay pn ray krubThaoUh hihi tks qun nhuHongThaoyea hihi thanks a lotHongYoure welcome2.2.3 Intimacy levelIntimacy is the key factor shaping the choice of language in all my communications, and the level of formality in language is accordingly adjusted. Informal language could be detected via the use and density of colloquial, emoji, stickers, slangs, swear words. When talking with close friends, I used these informal expressions uncontrollably or rampantly, but I was more conscious and limit the use of them when interacting with normal friends, which are exemplified in the following extractsExtract 1 with close friends (me, Trung and Ngoc). Ngoc is talking about her abuse when coming across her ex-boyfriends photos on Facebook. The language is flooded with swear word, exclamation, emoji, forceful form like capitalisation and repetition of lettersExtract 4Thaomy c cu thn ch g k m-i ln lnh gy th lm nhmNgoct trc jam ht tt c mi th mi ngi thith no vn sti gii ic hm th no xem c dm c n c ny mi dm i phti QuocNgocm phi hiu l ci nhm bn ln ca nchuyn i pht v chp nhv n lu v chp nh (net uc king)nn dm nhiu nh vc raCU TI VI (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((ThaoDo you have any incantation whenever feeling disgusted?NgocI blocked all things and all people related to himbut I still missed out some photosOh my godFuck it the other day I saw he and his new girlfriend derriere went trekking.oh QuocNgocU have to understand that his sleep with group of friendsfrequently go trekking and take photosand eat hotpot and take photos (networking)So theres a fucking bunch of photosHELP ME (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((With a normal friend. This is Doan one friend I have acquainted for about 3 months, she is talking about her touch off plan for Christmas. The relationship is not too close-knit hence the language is informal enough with the use of emoji but no swear words or emphatic formsExtract 5Doanti t xmas ny c ngh dii 1 pht lunThaouh bn t cng ngh dinhng t cng khng ham i lmDoanuhThaocc bn i khu noty u hay ng uDoant i ng u, ty u v nam u5 nc1 thng lunThaom-i nc 6 ngy?DoanuhThaothy anh vit ng xin c visa phn lan th l i phn lan trc Doananh vit i finland 1 mnh m=))DoanThis Xmas we have a long holiday.We move around the whole holiday.Thaoyea we also have long Christmas holidayB ut Im not rattling interested in travelDoan yeahThaoWhere are you going to travel to?Western or Eastern europium?DoanEastern, Western and Southern Europe5 countries1 monthThao6 days per country?DoanyeahThaoI heard Mr. Viet said he had got his visa for Finlandso you start your trip in Finland?DoanNo, Mr. Viet travels to Finland by himself.