A Cultural Comparison of English and Chinese Family Names

Abstract The family telephones of gentlemans gentleman are formed and apply in the abundant process of the bleed of history and the exploitation of monastic put together. Family flesh calling, creation a part of nuance, are most related to history and culture. position and Chinese arrive ats are variant in their origins and de mark orders, which is certain to be resileed in their spatial relation culture. wherefore an exploration of their supposeions in the cultural aspects of historical development, feudalisticistic history, historical customs duty, historical order and accredited social situation will be beneficial for the compound of face think over and the mutual reasonableness and communication of the East and the West. Keywords cultural comparison, side family names, Chinese family names, Origin, Name order The word culture comes from the Latin root colere (to inhabit, to cultivate, or to honor).In ordinary, it refers to human activity different d efinitions of culture reflect different theories for understanding, or criteria for valuing, human activity. Culture is impostally the oldest human character, its solid traces separating Homo from australopithecines, and Man from the Animals, though new discoveries are blurring these edges in our day. Sir Edward B. Tylor wrote in 1871 that culture or civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that interlinking whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any different capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of ociety while a 2002 document from the United Nations agency UNESCO states that culture is the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of life together, value systems, traditions and beliefs. UNESCO, 2002.It is generally authoritative that language is part of culture. It carries cultu re, thus be enamord by culture. Names including family names, which is a part of language, are sure to reflect the distinct culture of the people using it.This story intends to start from the English and Chinese family names from the perspectives of the origin and order so as to exhibit their reflections on their let culture. A family name (in Western contexts often referred to as a last name or agnomen) is part of a persons name indicating the family to which the person belongs. A family name is the most fundamental and most probatory symbols showing the identification of the members of a society. The use of family names is widespread in cultures around the world, which means family names are part of culture.As far as English and Chinese names are concerned, their cultural differences lowlife be shown in the origins of their family names and the different orders of their names so as to crystallise us learn about the development history of a society or a nation and some othe r aspects of its culture, which is the purpose of this paper intending to make an analysis between English and Chinese family names from their cultures reflected. 1. ethnic reflections of the origins of family names If we trace back into the origins of Chinese family names, we can see that Chinese family names are closely related to the development history of the Chinese nation.According to legend, family names started with Emperor Fu Xi in 2852 BC. His administration standardized the appellative system in order to facilitate census-taking, and the use of census information. For scientific documentation that matrilineal surnames existed in China originally the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BC) and that by the season of the Shang Dynasty they (Chinese surnames) had become patrilinea. Therefore, what we can learn low gear is that the ancestors of the Chinese nation came from primary society.When the Chinese nation went into class society, the emperors had the supreme barons in the ir hands in awarding lands and fields to those ministers who performed meritorious service to their reigns, establishing official positions. Their supreme power was best exemplified in granting a surname to a person when he was alive or after his death. In addition, in feudal societies, the emperors names was a taboo on every occasions. The origins of family names also showed that Chinese nation actually is combination of multiple nationalities, which is the same case for the British and American people.As for English family names, 226 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 www. ccsenet. org/ass Asian Social Science Vol. 6, none 11 November 2010 they deliver a comparatively short(p) history. Documents indicate that surnames were first adopted among the feudal nobility and gentry, and only slowly spread to the other parts of society. In Britain, hereditary surnames were adopted in the 13th and fourteenth centuries, initially by the aristocracy but heretoforetually by everyone. By 1400, most English and sparing people had acquired surnames, but many Scottish and Welsh people did not adopt surnames until the 17th century, or even later.Henry VIII (14911547) ordered that marital bloodlines be recorded under the surname of the father. The whole process lasted for cholecalciferol years. However, English family names differ from Chinese family names in their civilians consciousness, which can be shown in the casual election of their family names for even a nickname, childhood name alike Fox, Stout, Armstrong, Longfellow can be a persons family name. The origins of English family names can show their drive in for nature, respect for and sentimental attachment to everything in it. English family names like Bird, Lion, Swan, Wood, Wolf, Bush, Flower, Rose and Apple are such examples.Their family names also indicated that English people are characterised by the pursuit for novelty and oddness without an elision of their family names. According to a survey made in 197 4, there were as many as 1,280,000 family names in America, among which more than 1/3 were those that had never been used before, which was obviously a result of Americans unconventional and received personality. 2. Cultural reflections of the order of family names 2. 1 Reflection of perspective feudal history The nations with a name order of family names preceding granted names usually have a long feudal history.The Han nationality have a feudal history of more than 2,500 years, which started from the Western Zhou (1066 771 BC)or east Zhou (770 256 BC) Chinese society to the Opium War in1839. However, the feudal history of those nations with a name order whose inclined names precede family names is relatively short. Great Britain is a case in point. It only had a short feudal history of several hundred years. From the 9th century to the 11th century, Britain was understood on its way to feudalization and there exited a large physique of set free farmers.It was only after t he Norman Conquest of 1066, the feudal system was widely established in Britain. However, only several hundred years later, in the 14th century, its feudal system was disintegrated. When it came to the 16th century, the capitalism was widely developed, which at a time led to the British Bourgeois Revolution in the 17th century. To substance up, the feudal history of Britain is very short with no more than 500 years, but its capitalism was developed quite archeozoic. 2. 2 Reflection of perspective historical traditionThe nations with a name order of family names preceding disposed names usually have a long feudal history, in which there wasnt any democratic tradition and everything was determined by the will of the supreme emperors. Therefore, in those nations, given names which represent a person himself can only be put behind family names which stand for home ownership. In China, from the very beginning of family names, they were put before given names and the tradition lasted for more than 2,500 years. In these nations, although the choice of a persons given names has always been changing with the era, the order of names has always been stable.On the contrary, the British and American people had their democratic tradition even in the feudal reign, which made these nations streng pasted more on individual roles. Therefore, their given name which stands for the individual himself was always put before their family name which is a representation of their family. 2. 3 Reflection of their historical enchant Chinese name order has a direct influence on that of its neighbouring countries like Korea, Vietnam and lacquer because of its 5,000 year history of civilization. Chinas naming system came into being as early as the reign of Emperor Fu Xi.Its neighbouring countries like Korea, Vietnam and Japan either had long been its dependent country or using Chinese characters as their own language. They were saliently influenced by its culture. Similarly, these co untries all had a long feudal history, had no democratic tradition, bordered China, used Chinese characters. Therefore it was no wonder that they were sure to be influenced Chinese cultures including naming system. However, the English name order was influenced by roman print nation in its early time. Rome became a republic in about B. C. 510.From then on, the civilians had changeless fights against nobility for their rights, which was the origin of their democratic tradition. Because at that time, ancient Rome was the number one civilized country in Europe and in the tend of its development it constantly expanded its territories and formed its hegemony in the Mediterranean in the 2nd century B. C. , therefore, its democratic tradition had a great influence on the formation of the national psychology of the whole Europe. Ancient Romans name was spelled in Latin, and freemans name was formed by given name plus tribe or clan name, which was actually their family name.Take the know n Great Emperor Caesar of ancient Rome for example, his name was formed by three parts, that is Caius, Julius Published by Canadian Center of Science and cultivation 227 www. ccsenet. org/ass Asian Social Science Vol. 6, No. 11 November 2010 and Caesar. With the development of history, the middle name which was ones clan name disappeared with the diminishing power of clan. The Roman name order which strengthened individual role was widely accepted in the Miderterranean with its expansion in this area.The Latin language which was spoken by ancient Romans first replaced other languages in this area but then split into Italian, French, Portugese and Spanish with the fall of the Roman Empire. Because these languages all have Latin origin, its natural that the name order of the Latin language permeated into their languages. 3. Reflection of current social situation Family names are not only used for addressing people, they also reflect social realities at that time. In Chinas ancient Zh ou Dynasty, having or not having a family name showed the self-contradictory relation between the ruling class and the working class.Before the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China, Chinese women followed their husbands family name by abandoning their original family name, which showed the feudal prejudice against and bondage upon them. After the establishment of the P. R. C. , the social status of Chinese women has been greatly improved and been considered half sky, they can keep their own family name when they get married. However, in England and cultures derived from there, there has long been a tradition for a womanhood to change her surname upon marriage from her birth name to her husbands last name.From the first known US instance of a woman keeping her birth name, Lucy Stone in 1855, there has been a general increase in the rate of women keeping their original name. This has gone by means of periods of flux, however, and the 1990s saw a decline in the percentage of name retention among women. As of 2004, roughly 90% of American women automatically fictional their husbands surname upon getting married. Even in families where the wife has kept her birth name, parents traditionally choose to give their children their fathers family name.Although in America, there was a great change for married women traditionally known as Mrs Husbands full name into a modern Mrs Husbands last name, the incompleteness of womens liberation can still be shown from this. To sum up, family names are not only a sign for a person but reflect culture from different aspects. And a comparison of English and Chinese family names can make us learn about the cultural differences shown from the origins and name orders, which is good for the deepening of the study of English as well as helps to promote the mutual understanding and communication of the East and the West.